色依存の静止画が動いて見える錯視

共同プロジェクト研究会「物体の表面属性の視知覚に関わる脳内メカニズムの研究」
日時：平成25年12月25日(水)，13:00～17:30（終了後，交流会），12月26日(木)，10:00～16:00
場所：東北大学・電気通信研究所　２号館４階大会議室（W410号室）

色依存の静止画が動いて見える錯視

KITAOKA Akiyoshi (北岡明佳) (Ritsumeikan University, Deptment of Psychology) email HP

since November 23, 2013 　ハンドアウト

Fraser-Wilcox illusion group

「蛇の回転」

"Rotating snakes"

"Rotating red disks"

Each disk appears to rotate clockwise when this image is presented on a bright PC display or on a print with a bright environment.

Each disk appears to rotate conterclockwise when this image is presented on a dark PC display or on a print with a dark environment.

Conclusion in advance

"Moving snakes with a cloud of dust"

Snakes appear to move horizontally.

"Moving arrows illusion"

Arrows appear to move.

"Blooming flowers"

Flowers appear to expand.

「ぐいぐい昇竜」
Ascending dragon

竜が昇っていくように見える（下から見たところ）。
An dragon appears to rise.

"Dongurakokko" (The donguri wave)

Donguri (acorns) appear to wave.

「トロの波」

図が波打って見える。

A brief history of phenomenal aspects of the Fraser-Wilcox illusion group

<Kitaoka, A. (forthcoming). The Fraser-Wilcox illusion and its extension. In Shapiro, A. and Todorovic, D. (Eds.), Oxford Compendium of Visual Illusions. Oxford University Press.>

1. Fraser and Wilcox (1979)

References

Fraser, A. and Wilcox, K. J. (1979). Perception of illusory movement. Nature, 281, 565-566.

Observers saw illusory motion in a stationary image which consists of repeated luminnace gradient in a saw-tooth wave form. Some reported illusory motion from dark to light along a luminance gradient, while others saw the reversal. The illusion is strong in the peripheral viewing. Fraser and Wilcox (1979) claimed that this individual difference depends on some genetic properties.

Adopted from “Alex Fraser, Geneticist and Painter”
(http://doctoralexfraser.blogspot.jp/p/spirals.html) <access August 25, 2012> (with permission from Alan Fraser)

Alex Fraser (1923-2002) was a geneticist and a painter.

2. Faubert and Herbert (1999)

The left disk appears to rotate clockwise while the right one counterclockwise. Faubert and Herbert (1999) reported only illusory motion from dark to light along a luminance gradient. They attributed the illusory motion to the assumed time difference between responses to black and white.

References

Faubert, J. and Herbert, A. M. (1999). The peripheral drift illusion: A motion illusion in the visual periphery. Perception, 28, 617-621.

3. Naor-Raz and Sekuler (2000)

The left disk appears to rotate clockwise while the right one counterclockwise. Naor-Raz and Sekuler (2000), too, reported only illusory motion from dark to light along a luminance gradient. They revealed that the illusion magnitude is a positive, nearly linear function of contrast.

References

Naor-Raz, G. and Sekuler, R. (2000). Perceptual dimorphism in visual motion from stationary patterns. Perception, 29, 325-335.

This disk appears to rotate clockwise.

This color illusion image presented by Naor-Raz and Sekuler (2000) (shown below) might be attributable to this type.
http://www.perceptionweb.com/perception/perc0300/sekuler.jpg <access August 26, 2012>
<with permission from Robert Sekuler>

4. Kitaoka and Ashida (2003)

The left disk appears to rotate counterclockwise while the right one clockwise. Kitaoka and Ashida (2003) proposed that the illusory motion is strong when patterns are arranged in the following luminance order: from black, dark-gray, white, light-gray, and back to black.

References

Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2003). Phenomenal characteristics of the peripheral drift illusion. VISION (Journal of the Vision Society of Japan), 15, 261-262. PDF

5. Kitaoka (2007)

high-resolution file

Kitaoka (2007) classified the Fraser-Wilcox illusion into Type I, IIa, IIb and III, in each of which the dark-to-light type was distinguished from the light-to-dark one.

References

Kitaoka, A. (2007) Phenomenal classification of the “optimized” Fraser-Wilcox illusion and the effect of color. Poster presentation in DemoNight, VSS2007, GWiz, Sarasota, Florida, USA, May 14, 2007.

Type I

"Dark to light"
The left disk appears to rotate counterclockwise while the right one clockwise.

"Light to dark"
The left disk appears to rotate counterclockwise while the right one clockwise.

"Dark to light" and "light to dark" combined
The left disk appears to rotate counterclockwise while the right one clockwise.

"Dark to light" and "light to dark" combined, with color enhancement
The left disk appears to rotate counterclockwise while the right one clockwise.

The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.

Type I (six disks) 1500 x 1000 (pixel)

Type I (six disks) 6000 x 4000 (pixel)

Type II

Type IIa

The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.

Type IIb

The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.

Type IIa (six disks) 1500 x 1007 (pixel)

Type IIa (six disks) 6000 x 4031 (pixel)

Type IIb (six disks) 1500 x 1000 (pixel)

Type IIb (six disks) 6000 x 4000 (pixel)

"Rotating snakes"
(Ver. 2011)

Each disk appears to rotate.

Adjusted for printing using EPSON PM-4000PX

Type III

The upper row appears to move rightward while the lower one leftward.

Type III (two rows) 1500 x 400 (pixel)

Type III (two rows) 4500 x 1200 (pixel)Type III 4500 x 1200

The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.

6. Kitaoka (2008a, b)

"Type IV" was added to the list.

References

Kitaoka, A. (2008a). Optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusions: a pictorial classification by Akiyoshi Kitaoka. Talk in Workshop No.005 "Experimental studies of anomalous motion illusions" in the 72nd Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, September 19, 2008. Talk

Kitaoka, A. (2008b). A new type of the optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion in a 3D-like 2D image with highlight or shade. Journal of Three Dimensional Images (Japan), 22(4), 31-32. PDF PDF (manuscript) Presentation

Type IV

The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle rings appear to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.

Type	dark to light	light to dark	Examples
IV new!

Findings of the "Rotating snakes" illusion (optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion)

1. Illusion is strong in the peripheral vision

Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2003) Phenomenal characteristics of the peripheral drift illusion. VISION, 15, 261-262.PDF

2. Illusion is strong when the image is of high luminance

Hisakata, R. and Murakami, I. (2008) The effects of eccentricity and retinal illuminance on the illusory motion seen in a stationary luminance gradient. Vision Research, 49, 1940-1948.

3. Illusion requires some eye movement

Murakami, I., Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2006) A positive correlation between fixation instability and the strength of illusory motion in a static display. Vision Research, 46, 2421-2431.

Kuriki, I., Ashida, H., Murakami, I., and Kitaoka, A. (2008) Functional brain imaging of the Rotating Snakes illusion by fMRI. Journal of Vision, 8(10):16, 1-10.

4. Illusion does not occur in the stabilized retinal image

Murakami, I., Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2006) A positive correlation between fixation instability and the strength of illusory motion in a static display. Vision Research, 46, 2421-2431.

5. Illusion is enhanced by color

Kitaoka, A. (2007) Phenomenal classification of the “optimized” Fraser-Wilcox illusion and the effect of color. Poster presentation in DemoNight, VSS2007, GWiz, Sarasota, Florida, USA, May 14, 2007.

6. Illusion is weak when the image is moved

Tomimatsu, E., Ito, H., Seno, T., and Sunaga, S. (2010) The ‘rotating snakes’ in smooth motion do not appear to rotate. Perception, 39, 721-724.

7. Illusion is weak when the image is observed through pinholes

Cantor, C. R. L., Tahir, H. J., and Shor, C. M. (2010) Is the rotating snakes an optical illusion? VSS2010, #26.434.

8. Illusion activates V1 through hMT+ areas

Kuriki, I., Ashida, H., Murakami, I., and Kitaoka, A. (2008) Functional brain imaging of the Rotating Snakes illusion by fMRI. Journal of Vision, 8(10):16, 1-10.

Ashida, H., Kuriki, I., Murakami, I., Hisakata, R. and Kitaoka, A. (2012). Direction-specific fMRI adaptation reveals the visual cortical network underlying the "Rotating Snakes" illusion. NeuroImage, 61, 1143–1152.

Major models of the "Rotating snakes" illusion (optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion)

1. Adaptation (temporal positional shift)

Backus, B. T. and Oruç, I. (2005) Illusory motion from change over time in the response to contrast and luminance. Journal of Vision, 5, 1055-1069.

2. Visual delay (temporal positional shift) related issue 1 _ related issue 2

Conway, R. B., Kitaoka, A., Yazdanbakhsh, A., Pack, C. C., and Livingstone, M. S. (2005) Neural basis for a powerful static motion illusion. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 5651-5656.

3. Motion signal asymmetry

Murakami, I., Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2006) A positive correlation between fixation instability and the strength of illusory motion in a static display. Vision Research, 46, 2421-2431.

7. Kitaoka (2008, 2010, 2012a, b)

A strongly color-dependent, "reddish" version was added to the list.

In 2008, Kitaoka found that the direction of illusory motion is “red → dark purple → purple → magenta (light red-purple) → red”, and that the illusion magnitude is strong when overall luminance contrast is low. Images of high luminance make a strong effect.

"Rotating red fruits"

Rings of fruits appear to rotate.

Purple » light purple » light red-purple » red » purple

References

Kitaoka, A. (2010). Introduction to visual illusion. Tokyo: Asakura-shoten (in Japanese). Book

Kitaoka, A. (2012a). Designs using the red Fraser-Wilcox illusion. Journal of the Color Science Association of Japan, 36, Supplement, 188-189. PDF (color manuscript) Talk

Kitaoka, A. (2012b) The Fraser-Wilcox illusion and its extension. Perception 41 ECVP Abstract Supplement, page 91 (Poster September 3, 2012). Poster PDF

8. Kitaoka (2011)

In 2011, Kitaoka found that flickering the image increases the illusion magnitude. Blinks also work.

Further studies on the flickering enhancement or induction (Kitaoka, 2013)

Flickering induction depends on the interaction between the stimulus and the blank.

Each disk appears to rotate clockwise during fading-in while counterclockwise during fading-out.

Each disk appears to rotate counteclockwise during fading-in while clockwise during fading-out.

Each disk appears to expand during fading-in while to contract during fading-out.

"On-off rotating snakes: red and sky blue #1"

When fading in, each disk appears to rotate in the direction: black, red, white, sky blue, black. The direction is reversed when fading out.

"On-off rotating snakes: red and sky blue #2"

When fading in, each disk appears to rotate in the direction: black, sky blue, white, red, black. The direction is reversed when fading out.

9. Yanaka and Hirano (2011)

Yanaka and Hilano (2011) reported that this illusion is enhanced by mechanical shaking.

Each disk appears to rotate counterclockwise.
(Note that this movie is not their original)

References

Yanaka, K. and Hilano, T. (2011). Mechanical shaking system to enhance "Optimized Fraser–Wilcox Illusion Type V". Perception, 40, ECVP Abstract Supplement, page 171.

10. Yanaka (2012)

Yanaka (2012) reported that this illusion is enhanced by viewing images under dark illumination.

References

Yanaka, K. (2012). Enhancement of the optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion Type V by swinging the image. Talk in the 5th Illusion Workshop, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan, September 18, 2012.

11. Kitaoka (2013)

In 2013, Kitaoka (ECVP2013) found that Yanaka’s darkening enhancement is accompanied by a reversal of illusion: i.e., the direction under dark condition is “red → magenta (light red-purple) → purple → dark purple → red”.

References

Kitaoka, A. (2013). Invisible color and visible color: Mystery of color the brain feels. Talk in the Shizuoka Science Museum Ru-Ku-Ru, Shizuoka, Japan, January 13, 2013. Talk

12. Kitaoka (2013)

In 2013, Kitaoka (ECVP2013) found that combination of a long wavelength color and a short one makes the illusions.

Illusory motion depending on the combination of colors