3D Forum 2008

The 86th meeting of the 3D Furum
The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
November 22, 2008
Program of the meeting (in Japanese)

A new type of the optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusions in a 3D-like 2D image with highlight or shade

since November 18, 2008 Abstract

"3D Forum 2008"

Rings appear to rotate.

Optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusions

Type	Basic illusion that motion direction is from dark to light	Basic illusion that motion direction is from light to dark	Examples (click the thumbnail)
0	Luminance profile

Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2003) Phenomenal characteristics of the peripheral drift illusion. VISION (Journal of the Vision Society of Japan), 15, 261-262. PDF

Type	Basic illusion that motion direction is from dark to light	Basic illusion that motion direction is from light to dark	Examples (click the thumbnail)
I
IIa
IIb
III
IV new!

"Rotating snakes"

Circular snakes appear to rotate 'spontaneously'.

1. Fraser and Wilcox (1979)

Fraser, A. and Wilcox, K. J. (1979) Perception of illusory movement. Nature, 281, 565-566.

2. Faubert and Herbert (1999)

Faubert, J. and Herbert, A. M. (1999) The peripheral drift illusion: A motion illusion in the visual periphery. Perception, 28, 617-621.

3. Naor-Raz and Sekuler (2000)

Naor-Raz, G. and Sekuler, R. (2000) Perceptual dimorphism in visual motion from stationary patterns. Perception, 29, 325-335.

4. Kitaoka and Ashida (2003)

Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2003) Phenomenal characteristics of the peripheral drift illusion. VISION (Journal of the Vision Society of Japan), 15, 261-262

5. Following papers or articles

Kuriki, I., Ashida, H., Murakami, I. and Kitaoka, A. (forthcoming) Functional brain imaging of the Rotating Snakes illusion by fMRI. Journal of Vision, in press new!

Hisakata, R. and Murakami, I. (2008) The effects of eccentricity and retinal illuminance on the illusory motion seen in a stationary luminance gradient. Vision Research, 49, 1940-1948.

Chi, M-T., Lee, T-Y., Qu, Y., and Wong, T-T. (2008) Self-Animating Images: Illusory Motion Using Repeated Asymmetric Patterns. ACM Transaction on Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2008), 27, No.3. SIGGRAPH2008 --- Authors' page --- PDF (SIGGRAPH)

Scientific American Reports Special Edition on Perception (2008).

Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2007) A variant of the anomalous motion illusion based upon contrast and visual latency. Perception, 36, 1019-1035. PDF request to Akiyoshi Kitaoka

Newton Press (Ed.), A. Kitaoka (Supervisor) (2007) Newton magazine book: Special issue "How is the brain deceived? Perfect demonstration of visual illusions" Tokyo: Newton Press (in Japanese; published in October 2007).

Ramachandran, V. S. and Rogers-Ramachandran, D. (2007) A Moving Experience: How the eyes can see movement where it does not exist. Scientific American Mind, February/March, 14-16.

Kitaoka, A. (2007) Phenomenal classification of the “optimized” Fraser-Wilcox illusion and the effect of color. Poster presentation in DemoNight, VSS2007, GWiz, Sarasota, Florida, USA, May 14, 2007.

Murakami, I., Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2006) A positive correlation between fixation instability and the strength of illusory motion in a static display. Vision Research, 46, 2421-2431. PDF request should be sent to Dr. Murakami

Kitaoka, A. (2006) Anomalous motion illusion and stereopsis. Journal of Three Dimensional Images (Japan), 20, 9-14. PDF (manuscript but the same as the printed one)

Kanazawa, S., Kitaoka, A. and Yamaguchi, M. K. (2006) Infants see the “Rotating Snake” illusion. Dorsal and ventral streams in the visual system (Talk): Monday, 21 August 2006; 12:00-12:30 (29th European Conference on Visual Perception, St-Petersburg, Russia, 20th-25th August, 2006) Abstract

Kitaoka, A., Ashida, H., and Murakami, I. (2005) Does the peripheral drift illusion generate illusory motion in depth? Journal of Three Dimensional Images (Tokyo), 19, 6-8. PDF (scanned copy) (poor quality) --- MS-Word file (manuscript, the same as the paper) (high quality)

Conway, R. B., Kitaoka, A., Yazdanbakhsh, A., Pack, C. C., and Livingstone, M. S. (2005) Neural basis for a powerful static motion illusion. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 5651-5656. PDF request should be sent to Dr. Conway

Backus, B. T. and Oruç, I. (2005) Illusory motion from change over time in the response to contrast and luminance. Journal of Vision, 5, 1055-1069. http://journalofvision.org/5/11/10/

Ben sent me a T-shirt. <May 30, 2008>

("2003" is correct.)

Actually Irealized this illusion in a design for a Happy New Year card.

"U-zu"

(A remake)

Rings appear to rotate. This image was originally developed for the spiral illusion, in which the concentric gray lines appear to be a spiral. My nengajo

0	Luminance profile

Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2003) Phenomenal characteristics of the peripheral drift illusion. VISION (Journal of the Vision Society of Japan), 15, 261-262. PDF

I explain the perceptual dimorphism in motion direction as assuming that two independent illusions are involved in the original Fraser-Wilcox illusion.

Type	Basic illusion that motion direction is from dark to light	Basic illusion that motion direction is from light to dark	Examples (click the thumbnail)
I

"Dark to light" (in gradation) might be stronger.

"Light to dark" might be stronger.

"Dark to light"

"Light to dark"

"Dark to light" and "light to dark" in cooperation

I propose an empirical observation that color might enhance the illusion in some conditions.

Observation 1. The illusion from dark to light is enhanced by red or blue.

Observation 2. The illusion from light to dark is enhanced by yellow or green.

Observation 3. The illusion from dark to light is enhanced by red or blue, while the illusion from light to dark is enhanced by yellow or green. Both illusions work additively.

A work "U-zu-maki" I created in 2003's spring got so popular on Internet that I produced "Rotating snakes" in 2003's autumn.

"U-zu-maki"

"U" means rabbits, "zu" means "figure", "maki" means rotation, and "Uzumaki" means spirals or swirls. Yellow represents the color of the moon in Japan and it is imagined (though not seriously) that rabbits live in the moon and make mochi (food made from rice).

"Trick Eyes" and "Trick Eyes 2"

The back covers of "Trick Eyes" and "Trick Eyes 2"

"Rotating snakes"

Circular snakes appear to rotate 'spontaneously'.

"Rollers"

Rollers appear to rotate without effort. On the other hand, they appear to rotate in the opposite direction when observers see this image keeping blinking.

"Dongururin"*

*Rotation of donguri (acorns). "Gururin" means rotation.

Rings of donguri appear to rotate.

Type	Basic illusion that motion direction is from dark to light	Basic illusion that motion direction is from light to dark	Examples (click the thumbnail)
IIa

Here I realized a similarity in stimulus configuration between Type IIa and reverse phi (or Gregory and Heard's (1983) phenomenal phenomena), and I made Type IIb to match Anstis and Rogers' (1975) "phi movement".

Reverse phi

Anstis S M, 1970 "Phi movement as a subtraction process" Vision Research 10 1411-1430

Gregory and Heard's (1983) phenomenal phenomena

Gregory R L, Heard P F, 1983 "Visual dissociations of movement, position, and stereo depth: Some phenomenal phenomena" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35A 217-237

Anstis and Rogers' (1975) "phi movement"

Anstis S M, Rogers B J, 1975 "Illusory reversal of visual depth and movement during changes of contrast" Vision Research 15 957-961

The relationship between luminance changes and illusory motion

Kitaoka, A. (2006) Configurational coincidence among six phenomena: A comment on van Lier and Csatho (2006). Perception, 35, 799-806. animations

Type	Basic illusion that motion direction is from dark to light	Basic illusion that motion direction is from light to dark	Examples (click the thumbnail)
IIb

Some works of mine could not be attributed to Type I or II. Thus I made Type III just before going to VSS2007.

Kitaoka, A. (2007) Phenomenal classification of the optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion and the effect of color. Poster presentation in DemoNight,VSS2007, GWiz, Sarasota, Florida, USA, May 14, 2007.

"Receding color"

Each of the round-cornered, illusory square appears to contract.

Type	Basic illusion that motion direction is from dark to light	Basic illusion that motion direction is from light to dark	Examples (click the thumbnail)
III

Recently (August, 2008), I realized a strong motion illusion when an image is changed to give a 3D impression using the "plastic" effector equipped in Corel PhotoPaint X3.

Scintillating grid illusion

Schrauf, M., Lingelbach, B., Wist, E.R. (1997) The scintillating grid illusion. Vision Research, 37, 1033-1038.

3D-like scintillating grid illusion

"The music in the space"

Illusory black dots abruptly appear or disappear in white grains when we see the figure freely (= scintillation grid illusion^*1). On the other hand, the white grains disappear when we fixate at the center (= extinction illusion^*2,*3).

^*1For the scintillation grid illusion, see:

Schrauf, M., Lingelbach, B., Lingelbach, E., Wist, E.R. (1995) The Hermann grid and the scintillation effect. Perception, 24, suppl. 88-89
--- It should be noted that actually the third author Elke Lingelbach discovered the effect.

Schrauf, M., Lingelbach, B., Wist, E.R. (1997) The scintillating grid illusion. Vision Research, 37, 1033-1038.

Institut fur Augenoptik Aalen --- Click "Tauschungen" (illusions).

^*2For the vanishing disk illusion, see:

McAnany, J. J., & Levine, M. W. (2002). The vanishing disk; a revealing quirk of the scintillating grid illusion [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 2(7), 204a, http://journalofvision.org/2/7/204/, DOI 10.1167/2.7.204

^*3For the vanishing disk illusion, I think that Ninio and Stevens's paper might be the first report:

Ninio, J. & Stevens, K. A. (2000). Variations on the Hermann grid: an extinction illusion. Perception, 29, 1209-1217.

^*4For the vanishing disk illusion, they published the paper in Vision Research, where they called this phenomenon "blanking": new ! <June 16, 2004>

McAnany, J. J., & Levine, M. W. (2004). The blanking phenomenon: a novel form of visual disappearance. Vision Research, 44, 993-1001.

"Chrysanthemum and sunshine"

The center appears to shine.

"Ceramic checkerboard of flowers"

The image appears to scintillate. Illusory orange appears to be induced in the center of each blue flower while illusory blue appears to be seen in the center of each orange flower.

"Realistic mushi-kun"*

*Mushi-kun = Mr. Worm

Each row of worms appears to move horizontally.

"Plastic rotating snakes"

Each disk appears to rotate.

"Red glass snake"

The snake appears to move.

"Ceramic time tunnel"

Tunnels appear to rotate.

"Plastic Dongururin"*

*Rotation of donguri (acorns). "Gururin" means rotation.

Rings of donguri appear to rotate.

"Planet of the Snakes made from glass"

"Planets" appear to rotate.

"Blooming glass flowers"

Flowers appear to expand.

"plastic btterfly"

The image appears to expand slowly.

"Plastic autumn color swamp"

The inset appears to move.

"Plastic primrose field"

This checkered background consists of squares but appears to wave. In addition, this figure also shows a waving motion illusion.

"Plastic version of the diamond Ouchi illusion"

The inset appears to move.

"Realistic obake"*

*Obake = phantom

The clothes of the left phantom appears to be lighter than those of the right one, though they are the same luminance.

This effector makes a manga face fall into the uncanny valley.

"Bean wave"

The image appears to wave.

"Beans"

Beans appears to move rightward.

"Rotating coffee beans"

Each ring appears to rotate.

"3D Forum 2008"

Rings appear to rotate.

Illusory signs

"Mobeang"

Beans appear to be moving laterally.

Type	Basic illusion that motion direction is from dark to light	Basic illusion that motion direction is from light to dark	Examples (click the thumbnail)
IV new!

Convex and concave

In the inner area, purple squares appear to be convex more frequently than green ones.

Upside down

In the inner area, green squares appear to be convex more frequently than purple ones.

Effect of highlight

In the inner area, purple squares appear to be convex more frequently than green ones.

Upside down

In the inner area, green squares appear to be convex more frequently than purple ones, though the latter appears to be convex sometimes.

Mirror image

cf.

Crator illusion family

Ramachandran's "Shape from shading"

Bevel

"A crab"

Objects are all convex but half of them appear to be concave (the crater illusion).

"Motion of textured paving blocks"

Objects are all convex but half of them appear to be concave (the crater illusion).

"Shape from shading" vs.
"optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion Type IV"

vs.

There are shadows outside the circles, too.

An image corresponding to "Shape from shading"
or kind of Fraser-Wilcox illusion image

There are two directions of illusory motion opposite to each other.

cf. Central drift illusion (Kitaoka and Ashida, 2004)

Double convex

Dark areas tend to appear to be concave?

Program (for Windows)

"Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet effect-dependent radiation perspective and an angel"

There are six pie slices; three of them appear to be darker than the rest, though they are the same in luminance except around their borders.

Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet effect: There appear two dark columns in front of the light background, though they are the same in luminance except around their contours.

(Cornsweet, 1970; Craik, 1966; O'Brien, 1958)

Cornsweet, T. (1970) Visual Perception. New York: Academic Press.

Craik, K. J. W. (1966) The Nature of Psychology: a Selection of Papers, Essays and Other Writings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

O'Brien, V. (1958) Contour perception, illusion and reality. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 48, 112-119.

Professor Mark McCourt's talk
in Ritsumeikan

Details

Professor Mark McCourt visiting Japan this December will stop by Kyoto and give us talk in the Ritsumeikan University!

Date/time: December 8, 2008 (Monday)　starting 15:45

Location: Ritsumeikan University (Kinugasa campus, Kyoto)
Soshikan Conference room, 1F (Also see the map shown below)

Registration or fee: Admission free

Supported by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research awarded from JSPS (No. 18330151)

Contact to:　　Akiyoshi KITAOKA (Department of Psychology, Ritsumeikan University)

Jinshin-kan Hall 1F rm.718
+81-75-466-3402 / ext.3718
akitaoka@lt.ritsumei.ac.jp
http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/index-e.html

Schedule

Opening talk (15:45-16:30)
　　Hiroyuki Shinoda, Professor Ph.D (Ritsumeikan University, Department of Human & Computer Intelligence)
　　"Evaluation of Lighting Environments with Perceived Brightness"

　　Akiyoshi Kitaoka, Professor Ph.D (Ritsumeikan University, Department of Psychology)
　　"An Overview of Illusions of Brightness"

Professor McCourt's talk (16:30-)
　　Mark McCourt, Professor Ph.D (North Dakota State University, Department of Psychology)
　　"The Computation of Brightness in Human Vision"

Discussion ( - about 17:45)

Party

Thank you

Akiyoshi's illusion pages

The 86th meeting of the 3D Furum
The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
November 22, 2008
Program of the meeting (in Japanese)