文部科学省科研費新学術領域「学際的研究による顔認知メカニズムの解明」
2009年度第1回心理班研究会・「錯視と顔認知」 @ 立命館
12月13日(日)、恒心館729

研究
Frontier of the study of face illusion?

Department of Psychology, Ritsumeikan University
Akiyoshi Kitaoka

since December 15, 2009


1. False versions of the illusion of face


"Good complexion illusion"

Pale complexion appears to be good by means of color assimilation and color contrast.

Copyright Akiyoshi .Kitaoka 2007 (March 10)

< color assimilation or the Munker illusion >



"Eye color constancy of an oniisan"

His right eye appears to be bluish, but it is physically the same color as his left purple eye.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (May 23)

< color contrast or color constancy >


"Natural Rubin's vase-face illusion"

There appear two black profiles or a white vase.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2008 (August 14)

<figure-ground reversible image>



"Japan-style My Wife and My Mother-in-Law"

A young lady is reversible to an old lady.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 13)

<"holistic organization" reversible image>



"Fudomyuo with gastritis"

Fudomyuo = kind of god

The face appears to move.

Copyright Akiyoshi .Kitaoka 2009 (November 20)

< anomalous motion illusion >


"Elder brother behind"

The two persons are the same size but the person who appears to be behind the other appears to be larger than the other. Specifically, in the upper image the left person appears to be larger than the right, while in the lower image the right person appears to be larger than the left one.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 22)


2. Borderline version of the illusion of face


An object that is not a face appear to be a face.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (September 30)

< Mooney face >

Mooney, C. M. (1957) Age in the development of closure ability in children. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 11, 219–226.




へ へ
の の
 も
 へ

:-)     (^o^)/    ||:3ミ


< Kaomoji (face marks) >


3. True versions of the illusion of face


< Hollow face illusion (hollow mask illusion) >







Reversed masks appear to be convex.


Gregory, R. L. (1970) The Intelligent Eye. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. (グレゴリー著・金子隆芳訳 インテリジェント・アイ みすず書房 1972年刊)

Schröder, H. (1858) Ueber eine optische Inversion bei Betrachtung verkehrter, durch optische Vorrichtung entworfener physischer Bilder. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 181, 298-311.


< Thatcher illusion >



"Thatcher illusion with a blond lady"

The face of the right image does not appear to be so funny, but it does if the image is upright as shown in the left image below.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 6)

Thompson, P. (1980) Margaret Thatcher: a new illusion. Perception, 9, 483-484.



< Wollaston illusion >



"Wollaston illusion with a blond lady"

The left face appears to gaze at the observer while the right one appears to see rightward, though the eyes of the former are just the same as those of the latter. This phenomenon was proposed by Wollaston (1824). In addition, the pictorial size of the right eye is larger than that of the left one; this fact is realized more easily in the right image than in the left one.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (July 31)

William Hyde Wollaston

Wollaston, W. H. (1824) On the apparent direction of eye in a portrait. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B114, 247-256.


< Luminance-induced gaze shift (bloodshot illusion) >


"An illustration of the bloodshot illusion proposed by Dr. Shinki Ando"

The luminance-induced gaze shift or the bloodshot illusion (Ando, 2002). Although the position of the iris and pupil in each eye's contour is the same among the three images, the apparent direction of gaze is shifted to the darkening part of the sclera (the white of the eye).

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 17)

Ando, S. (2002). Luminance-induced shift in the apparent direction of gaze. Perception, 31, 657-674.


< Bogart illusion >



"An illustration of the Bogart illusion"

The left person appears to see rightward for him, while the right one, the negative image of the left, appears to see leftward for him.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 15)

Sinha, P. (2000). Here's looking at you, kid. (The perception of gaze direction) Perception, 29, 1005-1008.


< Double vision illusion >


"'Knocked-face' illusion with a blond lady"

Eyes and mouths appear to knock.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (July 31)

----------
One of my students reported that he had come across a web site that exhibits a number of pictures of the "knocked-face" illusion as examples of "double vision". Double vision or diplopia is a disease that patients see a single thing double.

However, I believe that this illusion should not be called "double vision" because visual illusion is not a disease. It would be OK if this illusion was called "the illusion of double vision" for example. This illusion is a new type of anomalous motion illusions such as the Ouchi illusion and "Rotating snakes".

Anyway, I will keep searching who first discovered this illusion. If you know, please let me know! <January 12, 2008>

Ouchi illusion

Rotating snakes (part)


New findings of the illusion of face



"Knocked-nose illusion"

Doubled noses appear to be unstable.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 24)

cf. illusion of double vision

This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, "Face perception and recognition", by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.



"Normal-eye double-vision illusion"

Doubled noses and mouths render a double-vision appearance to the eyes.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 25)



"Knocked-ear illusion"

Doubled ears appear to be unstable.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (September 6)


"Nimaijita"

Nimaijita = Double tongue

Doubled tongues appear to swing.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (December 12)



"Knocked-eye-direction illusion"

The eye direction appears to be unstable.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 29)


No double vision illusion when the black eye is doubled within an eye contour

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (December 12)



"Knocked-face illusion using henohenomoheji"

A henohenomoheji face also gives the knocked-face illusion.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (November 24)


Henohenomoheji is a face made up of Japanese letters he (へ), no (の), mo (も)and ji (じ).

   へ  へ
   へ  へ
   の  の
   の  の
    も
    へ
    へ

              へ    へ
              のの  のの
                もも
                へへ


"Pupil illusion"

Although the position of the iris in each eye's contour is the same among the three images, the apparent direction of gaze tends to be shifted to the positional bias of the pupil.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 16)


"Purkinje-Sanson image illusion 2"

Although the position of the iris and pupil in each eye's contour is the same among the three images, the apparent direction of gaze tends to be shifted to the positional bias of the Purkinje-Sanson image, the bright spot shown on the iris (actually on the surface of the cornea).

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 16)



"Ambiguity of eye direction"

She appears to see either rightward or leftward. When observers see this image at a distance or when those who wear glasses take off them and see this image, the direction appears to be leftward (for her).

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 17)



"Ambiguity of eye direction 2"

She appears to see either downward or upward. When observers see this image at a distance or when those who wear glasses take off them and see this image, the direction appears to be upward.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 17)


"Longitudinal Wollaston illusion 4"

The left face appears to gaze at us while the right one appears to see upward, though the eyes are the same shape and size.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 16)


"Upside-down face overestimation illusion"

The lower face appears to be larger than the upper one though they are identical in size.

Copyright Akiyoshi .Kitaoka 2007 (February 16)


"Size illusion of oblique faces 2"

The right face appears to be larger than the left one, though they are the same size.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 6)


"Jastrow illusion of face 2"

The lower face appears to be larger than the upper one though they are the same size.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 6)



"Eye size illusion"

The left eye appears to larger than the right one, though they are the same size.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 15)

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 17)



"Overestimation of the eye size and mouth size at lower parts of a face"

Eyes and the mouth appear to be larger when they are drawn at lower parts of a face.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 16)



"Overestimation of objects placed at the eye area as compared to the mouth area"

The black circle placed at the mouth appears to be smaller than the eyes, though they are the same size.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 16)



Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (August 22)




No illusion?

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (December 12)

"Overestimation of eyes induced by eyelids and eyelashes"

Eyes with eyelids and eyelashes appear to be larger than those without them.

Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (December 12)


ご清聴ありがとうございました。


Back to 2009年度第1回心理班研究会・「錯視と顔認知」 @ 立命館


Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, "Face perception and recognition", by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.

平成21・22年度科学研究費補助金(新学術領域研究 「学際的研究による顔認知メカニズムの解明」・領域代表者 自然科学研究機構生理学研究所・教授 柿木隆介) (研究代表者・北岡明佳) 「顔の錯視の探索的研究」 課題番号21119522


北岡明佳 (2009) 「顔の錯視の探索的研究」 (新学術領域研究「学際的研究による顔認知メカニズムの解明」】・平成21年度第1回領域班会議 ウェルシティ札幌・2009年8月19日(口頭)・20日(ポスター)) 発表に使用したウェブページ


Akiyoshi's illusion pages