2017年3月25日（土）15:30-15:50
第50回知覚コロキウム
慶応義塾大学日吉キャンパス
色依存のフレーザー・ウィルコックス錯視の眼特異性
立命館大学総合心理学部 北岡 明佳 email
「赤く見えるいちご」
すべてのピクセルはシアン色近辺の色相（一部灰色）であるが、イチゴは赤く見える。
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2017 (March 7)
「赤く見えるいちごの色変換」
すべてのピクセルはシアン色近辺の色相（一部灰色）であるが、イチゴは赤く見える。
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2017 (March 18)
（加算的色変換法（アルファブレンディング法）による画像）
strawberries-color-constancy2017.doc
色依存のフレーザー・ウィルコックス錯視
There are so many motion illusions in stationary images. First, I talk
about the Fraser-Wilcox illusion group, which is characterized by 'automatical'
illusory motion in the direction along special arrangements of visual stimuli.
Kitaoka, A. (2014). Color-dependent motion illusions in stationary images and their phenomenal dimorphism. Perception, 43(9), 914-925.
"Rotating snakes"
Each disk appears to rotate 'spontaneously' in the constant direction, from black to blue, white, yellow, back to black.
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2003 (September 2) (updated February 16, 2013)
Color is not indispensable. Gray-scale images also work.
"Rotating snakes: a gray scale version"
Each disk appears to rotate 'spontaneously' in the constant direction, from black to dark gray, white, light gray, back to black.
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2013 (May 27)
A few years ago I discovered the color-dependent motion illusion.
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2013 (February 6)
Figure 6 of Kitaoka, A. (2014). Color-dependent motion illusions in stationary images and their phenomenal dimorphism. Perception, 43(9), 914-925.
Fraser and Wilcox showed a new phenomenon that stationary disks appear to rotate. They reported bimorphism or bistability of this illusion.
1. Fraser and Wilcox (1979)
Fraser, A. and Wilcox, K. J. (1979) Perception of illusory movement. Nature, 281, 565-566.
Ambiguity in the direction of illusory rotation
Alex Fraser was a professor of genetics and a painter!
Fogel, D. B. (2002). In Memoriam: Alex S. Fraser (1923–2002). IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 6(5), 429-430.
Alex Fraser's original work
Adopted with permission from Alan Fraser (2006) "Alex Fraser, Geneticist and Painter" http://doctoralexfraser.blogspot.jp/
The perceptual bimorphism proposed by Fraser and Wilcox (1979) was not replicated for subsequent two decades.
2. Faubert and Herbert (1999)
Faubert, J. and Herbert, A. M. (1999) The peripheral drift illusion: A motion illusion in the visual periphery. Perception, 28, 617-621.
3. Naor-Raz and Sekuler (2000)
Naor-Raz, G. and Sekuler, R. (2000) Perceptual dimorphism in visual motion from stationary patterns. Perception, 29, 325-335.
We separated two illusions that cancel each other and proposed the optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion.
Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2003) Phenomenal characteristics of the peripheral drift illusion. VISION (Journal of the Vision Society of Japan), 15, 261-262. PDF
Two illusion are cooperatively combined.
There are a few types of the optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion.
Luminance gradient type (Type I)
The left disk appears to rotate counterclockwise while the right one clockwise.
"Dark to light"
"Light to dark"
"Dark to light" and "Light to dark"
are combined, giving a stronger illusion
Color enhances illusion.
The illusion from dark to light is enhanced by red or blue.
The illusion
from light to dark is enhanced by yellow or green.
Both illusions work additively.
<Example> The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear
to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.
Luminance step type (Type II)
<Example> The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear
to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.
"Rotating snakes"
Each disk appears to rotate 'spontaneously' in the constant direction, from black to blue, white, yellow, back to black.
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2003 (September 2) (updated February 16, 2013)
Age and illusion
Another luminance step type (Type III)
<Example> The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear
to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.
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"Moving snakes with shadows"
Snakes appear to move horizontally.
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2009 (June 7)
Highlight and shadow type (Type IV)
<Example> The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear
to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.
"Rotating tablets"
Rings appear to rotate.
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2011 (July 14)
Dark type
<Example> The upper-left, upper-right, and lower-middle disks appear
to rotate counterclockwise while the rest clockwise.
Kitaoka, A. (2012). The Fraser-Wilcox illusion and its extension. Perception 41 ECVP Abstract Supplement, page 91 (Poster September 3, 2012). Poster PDF
Copyright Robert Sekuler
Color-dependent type
Kitaoka, A. (2014). Color-dependent motion illusions in stationary images and their phenomenal dimorphism. Perception, 43(9), 914-925.
Figure 6 of Kitaoka, A. (2014). Color-dependent motion illusions in stationary
images and their phenomenal dimorphism. Perception, 43(9), 914-925.
Illusion remains when the image is not blurred.
Illusion occurs with red and blue.
Illusion occurs with red and green.
Illusion is triggered by moving images, blinks or eye movements.
Yanaka, K. and Hilano, T. (2011). Mechanical shaking system to enhance "Optimized Fraser–Wilcox Illusion Type V". Perception, 40, ECVP Abstract Supplement, page 171.
Illusion is reversed depending on luminance or light/dark adaptation.
Kitaoka, A. and Yanaka, H. (2013). Reversal of the color-dependent Fraser-Wilcox illusion under a dark condition. Perception 42 (36th) ECVP (Bremen) Abstract Supplement, page 97 (Poster August 27, 2013). Poster PDF
Illusion is reversed depending on the change of luminance.
Kitaoka, A. and Yanaka, H. (2013). Reversal of the color-dependent Fraser-Wilcox illusion under a dark condition. Perception 42 (36th) ECVP (Bremen) Abstract Supplement, page 97 (Poster August 27, 2013). Poster PDF
Directions of illusory motion depending on changes of luminance in each
area
本発表における新しい現象の報告
色依存のフレーザー・ウィルコックス錯視は静止画が動いて見える錯視の仲間である（Kitaoka, 2014）。特定の色の配置に依存するとともに、照明あるいは刺激の物理的な明るさに応じて錯視の方向が反転する。これは、明るい条件で観察される錯視と暗い条件で観察される錯視の2つの錯視が、同じ刺激図形の中に同居していることを意味している。さらに、筆者は最近になって、明るい条件下でありながら暗い条件の錯視を観察できる方法を発見した。さらに、この方法を片方の眼だけに適用したところ、眼特異性が見いだされた。すなわち、その方法が適用された眼ではその錯視が起こるが、適用されていない眼では起こらない。錯視としては珍しい現象と考えられる。これらの発見をデモするとともに、それらのメカニズムを考察する。
網膜を明るく順応させておいてから錯視画像を見ると、明順応時でも暗い時に見える錯視が短時間観察できる。その順応の効果は単眼性である。
Kitaoka (2013)
It is suggested that this ‘luminance change-induced’ motion* might generate
the color-dependent Fraser-Wilcox illusion, being triggered by saccades,
blinks, flickering or shaking the images.
*The luminance change-induced’ motion includes the reverse phi phenomenon
(Anstis, 1970; Anstis and Rogers, 1975) and the phenomenal phenomena (Gregory
and Heard, 1983). Directions of illusory motion depending on the changes
of luminance are shown in the right (Kitaoka, 2006).
References
Anstis S M, 1970 “Phi movement as a subtraction process” Vision Research 10 1411-1430
Anstis S M, Rogers B J, 1975 “Illusory reversal of visual depth and movement
during changes of contrast” Vision Research 15 957-961
Gregory R L, Heard P F, 1983 “Visual dissociations of movement, position,
and stereo depth: some phenomenal phenomena” Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology 35A 217-237
Kitaoka, A. (2006). Configurational coincidence among six phenomena: A
comment on van Lier and Csathó (2006). Perception,
35, 799-806. animations --- PDF
Kitaoka, A. (2013). The color-dependent
Fraser-Wilcox illusion: motion direction is reversed depending on
luminance. Talk in "Illusions and delusions" in the Barn, Leinroden,
Germany, August 23, 2013. Presentation
"Rotating gray-scale disks (movie)"
Disks appear to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise.
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2013 (February 15)
輝度変調誘導性の運動錯視
luminance change-induced motion illusion
Configurational coincidence among six phenomena: A comment to van Lier
and Csathó (2006)
Kitaoka, A. (2006). Configurational coincidence among six phenomena: A comment on van Lier and Csathó (2006). Perception, 35, 799-806. animations --- PDF
Adobe Flash Player is necessary to play animations on this page.
Animation 1
Reversed phi movement (Anstis and Rogers 1975). There are four rectangles, each of which is flanked by thin lines that are dark or light. When the luminance of the rectangles decreases and that of the background increases accordingly, the upper two appear to converge in motion while the lower two appear to go apart in motion. On the other hand, when the luminance of the rectangles increases and that of the background decreases accordingly, the upper two appear to go apart in motion while the lower two appear to approach each other in motion. In sum, the direction of apparent motion is from the dark flank to the neighboring part that goes darkening or from the light flank to the neighboring part that goes brightening. Although the rectangles are aligned vertically, the apparent positional displacement occurs in the opposite direction to motion. If observers cross-fuse (uncross-fuse) the right and left rectangles, the upper rectangle appears to be in front of (behind) the lower one when they are dark.
Animation 2
The illusory motion investigated by Gregory and Heard (1983). This appearance is quite similar to Animation 1. The only configurational difference from the reversed phi movement is that the luminance of the rectangles is constant.
Animation 3
The illusory motion mentioned by Gregory and Heard (1983), in which the luminance of the rectangles dynamically changes while that of the surround is constant. This appearance is quite similar to Animations 1 and 2.
Animation 4
Phi movement (Anstis and Rogers 1975). For panel (a), dark stationary rectangles are placed on a bright stationary background. When the luminance of the right flank of each rectangle increases and that of the left flank decreases, the rectangle appears to shift leftward in motion as well as in position. Conversely, the luminance of the right flank decreases and that of the left flank increases, the rectangle appears to shift rightward in motion and position. If observers cross-fuse (uncross-fuse) the right and left rectangles, the fused rectangle appears to be in front (behind) when the right flank of the right rectangle are dark and the left flank of the left rectangle are dark. For panel (b), bright rectangles are placed on a dark background. In this case, phenomena are the reversal of panel (a).
(a) (b)
(a) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(b) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
Animation 5
Consistency between the reversed phi movement and stereopsis (Anstis and Rogers 1975). In this animation, there are two phases in motion, in which the upper-left and the lower-right rectangles are one eighth phase in advance of the upper-right and the lower-left rectangles. For example, when the luminance of the rectangles increases, the upper-left rectangle appear to go leftward followed by the upper-right one, while the lower-right rectangle appear to go leftward followed by the lower-left one. In this period, the cross-fused (uncross-fused) upper rectangle appears to be in front (behind) as compared with the cross-fused (uncross-fused) lower rectangle.
Animation 6
Consistency between the apparent motion and Café-Wall-like tilt illusions (van Lier and Csathó 2005). According to dynamic changes in luminance gradient, the flanks of the rectangle appears to tilt dynamically. (a) The luminance gradient given to both flanks is dynamically changed while the dark-gray rectangle and the light-gray background are stationary. The dark part of the gradient appears to shift outward in motion and position while the bright part appears to shift inward in motion and position. This distortion agrees with the tilt illusion. (b) The luminance gradient given to the rectangle is dynamically changed while the dark flanks and the gray background are stationary. At the dark part of the gradient, the neighboring part of flanks appears to shift inward in motion and position, while at the bright part of the gradient, the neighboring part of flanks appears to shift outward in motion and position. This distortion agrees with the tilt illusion.
(a) (b)
(a) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(b) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
Animation 7
Inconsistency between the apparent motion and Café-Wall-like tilt illusions. According to dynamic changes in homogenous areas, the flanks of the rectangle appears to tilt dynamically. (a) The luminance of the homogeneous rectangle is dynamically changed while the flanks with luminance gradient and the gray background are stationary. The darkening rectangle appears to attract the dark parts of the flanks inward in motion while the brightening rectangles appears to attract the light parts of the flanks inward in motion. This distortion disagrees with the tilt illusion. (b) The luminance of the homogeneous flanks is dynamically changed while the rectangle with luminance gradient and the gray background are stationary. At the dark part of the gradient, brightening flanks appears to shift inward in motion, while at the bright part of the gradient, darkening flanks appears to shift inward in motion. This distortion disagrees with the tilt illusion
(a) (b)
(a) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(b) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
Animation 8
Demonstration of the apparent motion in the three elemental spatio-temporal configurations (Figure 6). The behaviors in (a), (b) and (g) are summarized in Figure 6a (off-center line-type configuration); those in (c), (d) and (h) are in Figure 6b (on-center line-type configuration); and those in (e), (f) and (i) are summarized in Figure 6c (edge-type configuration). For further explanations, see the text.
(a) (b)
(a) Flash(swf) --- Quicklime(mov)
(b) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(c) (d)
(c) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(d) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(e) (f)
(e) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(f) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(g) (h) (i)
(g) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(h) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
(i) Flash(swf) --- QuickTime(mov)
おしまい
