Original Papers

The Contributions of Educational Psychologist Turuko Haraguchi
HOMMA, Michiko (Faculty of Intergrated Arts and Social Sciences, Japan Women's University, 214-8565, Japan)

The purpose of this study is to reconsider the contributions of Turuko Haraguchi as an educational psychologist. After graduating from Japan Women's College (the predecessor of Japan Women's University) in 1906, she carried on research under E. L. Thorndike's guidance at Teachers College at Columbia University and became interested in the research of mental fatigue, especially that associated with work requiring higher intelligence. She became the first Japanese woman to achieve a doctorate degree in 1912. After coming back to Japan, she vigorously continued the research for three years while giving presentations and lectures on issues on educational psychology, until she passed away in 1915. In the studies of her research, we divided her contributions into three areas of Japanese psychology, that is, studies of mental fatigue associated with tasks requiring higher intelligence, the method of educational psychological research, and the method of measurement for mental test.

Key words: Turuko Haraguchi, Mental Fatigue, Thorndike, Educational Psychology.

　 In 1895, Motora Yuzero (professor of psychology, University of Tokyo) practiced ZEN under the supervision of Shaku Soen at ENKAKUJI Temple. Shaku was the one of the most famous ZEN masters. He assigned Motora a KOAN. A KOAN is a puzzle or an illogical question, statement or story, such as "What is one-hand clapping?" Motora practiced ZEN for 7 days struggling to answer that KOAN. Finally Motora achieved "pure experience," which was the condition of ego without representation. Motora interpreted the principle of ZEN as pragmatism, and he developed a new theory of ego. Then he presented "The idea of ego in oriental philosophy" at the 5th ICP in Rome.

Key words: History of Psychology, Motora Yuzero, Zen Experience, Ego, Pragmatism.

"Modern" Psychology or "Contemporary" Psychology: The Position of Yujiro Motora in the History of Japanese Psychology. A Reply to Nishikawa's (1999) and Mizoguchi's (2000) Comments

OYAMA, Tadasu (University of the Air, Chiba, 261-8586, Japan) and SATO, Tatsuya (Ritsumeikan University, Dept. of Psychology, Kyoto, 603-8577, Japan)

Nishikawa (1999) and Mizoguchi (2000) presented some comments on Oyama and Sato's (1999) paper on classical instruments in the Department of Psychology, University of Tokyo. Their comments were concerned with three issues: 1) Did the first professor, Yujiro Motora, introduce "Modern" or "contemporary" (present-day) psychology? 2) Were the five periods that were used to classify the instruments suitable? 3) Which term, "classical" or "historical," was more suitable to represent these old instruments? The present authors discussed that the differences between the pre-Motora and the Motora ages were much greater than those between the Motora and the post-Motora ages, but the Motora age was too early to be called "contemporary" or "present day". Such term should be more suitable for Japanese psychology after World War II. We also pointed out that the five periods corresponded to the terms of office of the head professors or the locations of their laboratories in University of Tokyo, not to the periods of the development of Japanese psychology as a whole. The term "classical" was used to mean that instruments were developed in early days but can still be used if we repair the instruments.

Key words: Modern Psychology, Contemporary Psychology, Yujiro Motora, Classical Instruments.

This report is an essay on Toranosuke Oguma (1888-1978), the first Jung translator in Japan. He studied abnormal psychology during the Meiji and Taisho eras. The writer focuses on Oguma's influence on private psychotherapeutic practice and the research on hypnosis, along with his contributions to criminal psychology and to the making of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

Key words: Abnormal Psychology, Toranosuke Oguma, Private Practice of Psychologists.

W.H. Gantt was an American physiologist who visited the institute of Pavlov in Russia from 1920 to 1923. T. Hayashi, a Japanese physiologist, also visited the same institute from 1932 to 1934. They brought back the "conditioned reflex theory" to their nations repectively. The Gantt Collection of the archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions has the correspondences between Gantt and Hayashi. Gantt first met Hayashi in Tokyo in September 1965. Using the correspondences, I tried to reconstruct the process of their first meeting in Japan.

Key words: Conditioned Reflex Theory, Takashi Hayashi, W. Horsley Gantt, I. P. Pavlov, A. Meyer.

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